guerra civile spagnola

[45] At this point once the constituent assembly had fullfilled its mandate of approving a new constitution, it should have arranged for regular parliamentary elections and adjourned. Die Premium Access-Vereinbarung Ihres Teams läuft bald ab. [354] The first few months of killings lacked much in the way of centralisation, being largely in the hands of local commanders. Virtually all Nationalist groups had strong Catholic convictions and supported the native Spanish clergy. when assessing financial cost of waging the war, some scholars limit their analysis to foreign resources only and set expenditures of both sides at some $0,7bn each, compare e.g. [385][386], Whatever the exact number, the death toll was far exaggerated by both sides, for propaganda reasons, giving birth to the legend of the millón de muertos. 1.2K likes. [84] Mola was chief planner and second in command. ESCASO. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPreston1983 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFPaynePalacios2014 (, Balcells, Laia. [400] Fake justice was sought through commissions, named checas after the Soviet secret police organization. [266] On 26 April, the Condor Legion bombed the town of Guernica, killing 200–300 and causing significant damage. The result was that while by the end of the war the Nationalist inflation was 41% compared to 1936, the Republican one was in triple digits. [396], Like clergy, civilians were executed in Republican territories. On March 5, 1939, Colonel Segismundo Casado led a military coup against the Republican government. [372][373], Franco's forces also persecuted Protestants, including murdering 20 Protestant ministers. Indice. Most were repatriated to Spain after the war, but some 250 were still in Britain by the end of the Second World War in 1945. International Labor and Working-Class History, no. [69] Landowners taunted workers by saying that if they went hungry, they should "Go eat Republic! 215,000 in combat, 200,000 killed in rearguard, 70,000 due to wartime hardships, 11,000 civilian victims of military operations; the author later rounds up the total to 0,5m, Alonso Millán, Jesús (2015). [337] Historian Michael Seidman stated that the Nationalists killed approximately 130,000 people and the Republicans approximately 50,000 people. [11] The Nationalists won the war, which ended in early 1939, and ruled Spain until Franco's death in November 1975. View Larger Image Roma o Mosca. [231] France, through the favor of pro-communist air minister Pierre Cot also sent a group of trained fighter pilots and engineers to help the Republicans. Romero Salvado, Francisco J. 32–33. After the proclamation by Marshal Philippe Pétain of the Vichy regime, the refugees became political prisoners, and the French police attempted to round up those who had been liberated from the camp. By the War's end, perhaps 56,000 Nationalist soldiers, encompassing infantry, artillery, aerial and naval forces, had been trained by German detachments. Initial turmoil in the Republican zone contributed to problems, while at later stages the course of the war meant that population, territory and resources kept shrinking.[304]. The Socialists (PSOE) and Communists reacted with an insurrection for which they had been preparing for nine months. This process led many to exile or death. Twentieth-century Spain: politics and society, 1898–1998. [note 7] For the Nationalists it was mostly the Italian and German credit;[note 8] in case of the Republicans it was sales of gold reserves, mostly to the USSR and in much smaller amount to France. Prominent Spanish pacifists, such as Amparo Poch y Gascón and José Brocca, supported the Republicans. [273] With the surrender of the Republican army in the Basque territory came the Santoña Agreement. Also, the Soviet Union directed Communist parties around the world to organise and recruit the International Brigades. and covers all months of 1936 and 1939, excludes "homicidio" category (39,028 for 1936–1939), referred after Diez Nicolas (1985), p. 54, the number which emerges from the official statistics as provided during the early Francoist era and calculated later by. [96] The plane flew to the Canaries on 11 July, and Franco arrived in Morocco on 19 July. Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 316. Available online At the library. Il comunismo è un'utopia. There are so many people have been read this book. Upon their arrival two days later in Southampton, the children were sent to families all over England, with over 200 children accommodated in Wales. Along with other "undesirable" people, the Spaniards were sent to the Drancy internment camp before being deported to Nazi Germany. (Jorge Vigón) El Ministro de Obras Públicas, Sr. Vigón, visita Costillares (cropped).jpg 223 × 345; 27 KB. [299] On 21 May 1937, around 4,000 Basque children were evacuated to the UK on the aging steamship SS Habana from the Spanish port of Santurtzi. 200,000 KIA, 200,000 executed, 20,000 executed after the war, excluding "unknown numbers" of civilians killed in military action and "many more" died of malnutrition etc., Preston, Paul (2012). [147] Simone Weil added herself for a while to the anarchist columns of Buenaventura Durruti, though fellow fighters feared she might inadvertently shoot them because she was short-sighted, and tried to avoid taking her on missions. However fearing the increasing popular opposition, the Radical and Socialist majority postponed the regular elections, prolonging their time in power for two more years. The Spanish republic and civil war. Browse 20 guerra civile spagnola stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. [98], On 12 July 1936, Falangists in Madrid killed police officer Lieutenant José Castillo of the Guardia de Asalto (Assault Guard). The Regular Spanish Air force commander Andrés García La Calle was openly critical of Malraux's military efficiency but recognised his usefulness as a propagandist. [290] Franco proclaimed victory in a radio speech aired on 1 April, when the last of the Republican forces surrendered. [114], The government retained control of Málaga, Jaén, and Almería. One historian argued that the behaviour of the right in the southern countryside was one of the main causes of hatred during the Civil War and possibly even the Civil War itself. Ruiz, Julius. Ruiz, Julius. The Spanish army had its own internal divisions and long-standing rifts. Cartamoneta - Guerra civile spagnola. Catholic support became particularly pronounced as a consequence of the burning of churches and killing of priests in most leftists zones during the first six months of the war. Franco established a dictatorship in which all right-wing parties were fused into the structure of the Franco regime. Catholic confession cleared the soldiers of moral doubt and increased fighting ability; Republican newspapers described Nationalist priests as ferocious in battle and Indalecio Prieto remarked that the enemy he feared most was "the requeté who has just received communion. WorldCat Home About WorldCat Help. Venne costruito in appena sei mesi e doveva presentare al mondo la complessa realtà del popolo spagnolo, con una mostra della sua migliore produzione culturale. [60] A small insurrection by anarchists occurred in December 1933 in response to CEDA's victory, in which around 100 people died. The Church opposed many of the Republicans' reforms, which were fortified by the Spanish Constitution of 1931. Salazar ordered the ships to be destroyed by gunfire. [259] Having failed to take the capital, Franco bombarded it from the air and, in the following two years, mounted several offensives to try to encircle Madrid, beginning the three-year Siege of Madrid. The gesture of the raised fist, so widespread among left-wing workers' groups, gave rise to more regimented variations, such as the salute with the fist on one's temple, characteristic of the German, the war lasted 986 days; dollars are quoted at their nominal value of the late 1930s. [379], Scholars have estimated that between 38,000[381] and 70,000[382] civilians were killed in Republican-held territories, with the most common estimate being around 50,000. [262] The main Nationalist advance to cross the Jarama and cut the supply to Madrid by the Valencia road, termed the Battle of Jarama, led to heavy casualties (6,000–20,000) on both sides. Officers in front line combat corps (primarily infantry and cavalry) benefited over those in technical corps (those in artillery, engineering etc.) [153][154], Prior to the war, during the Asturian miners' strike of 1934, religious buildings were burnt and at least 100 clergy, religious civilians, and pro-Catholic police were killed by revolutionaries. 58–59, Simpson, James, and Juan Carmona. The 1931 Constitution would be suspended, replaced by a new "constituent parliament" which would be chosen by a new politically purged electorate, who would vote on the issue of republic versus monarchy. With the rebellion of 1934, the Spanish left lost even the shadow of moral authority to condemn the rebellion of 1936.”[68], Reversals of land reform resulted in expulsions, firings, and arbitrary changes to working conditions in the central and southern countryside in 1935, with landowners' behaviour at times reaching "genuine cruelty", with violence against farmworkers and socialists, which caused several deaths. The Republic's supporters within Spain ranged from centrists who supported a moderately-capitalist liberal democracy to revolutionary anarchists who opposed the Republic but sided with it against the coup forces. [292] Thousands of Republicans were imprisoned and at least 30,000 executed. The figure they arrive at for the 1936–1939 period is 346,000; the figure for 1936–1942, including the years of postwar deaths resulting from terror and war sufferings, is 540,000. Consequently, the Nationalists called Lisbon "the port of Castile". The Spanish Civil War (Spanish: Guerra Civil Española) was a civil war in Spain fought from 1936 to 1939. [84] This, however, allowed Mola to direct the mainland uprising. Oggetto originale proveniente da collezione privata. Scholars who focus on killings or "violent deaths" most typically list (1) combat and combat-related deaths; figures in this rubric range from 100,000[323][324] to 700,000;[325] (2) rearguard terror, both judicial and extrajudicial, recorded until the end of the Civil War: 103,000[326] to 235,000;[327] (3) civilian deaths from military action, typically air raids: 10,000[327] to 15,000. [286] Negrín fled to France on 6 March,[287] but the Communist troops around Madrid rose against the junta, starting a brief civil war within the civil war. [387] Particularly noteworthy repression was conducted in Madrid during the war. There were fewer executions than usual, however, because of the effect Guernica left on Nationalists' reputations internationally. [257] However, the Nationalists' attack on the capital was repulsed in fierce fighting between 8 and 23 November. [note 59], Death totals remain debated. La Guerra Civil Española en Color. Muñoz, Miguel A. 600,000 killed during the war + 100,000 executed afterwards, Tucker, Spencer C. (2016). The IBM strategic repository for digital assets such as images and videos is located at dam.ibm.com. In 1944, a group of republican veterans, who also fought in the French resistance against the Nazis, invaded the Val d'Aran in northwest Catalonia, but were defeated after 10 days. [426], The political and emotional repercussions of the War transcended the national scale, becoming a precursor to the Second World War. [229] However, the Blum government provided aircraft to the Republicans covertly with Potez 540 bomber aircraft (nicknamed the "Flying Coffin" by Spanish Republican pilots),[230] Dewoitine aircraft, and Loire 46 fighter aircraft being sent from 7 August 1936 to December of that year to Republican forces. Lv 6. This page was last edited on 31 December 2018, at 09:29. [163] The clandestine actions of the various European powers were, at the time, considered to be risking another world war, alarming antiwar elements across the world. The next day, after getting the approval of the minister of interior to illegally arrest specified members of parliament, he led his squad to arrest José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones, founder of CEDA, as a reprisal for Castillo's murder. The Republican government allowed for the possibility of self-government for the two regions,[144] whose forces were gathered under the People's Republican Army (Ejército Popular Republicano, or EPR), which was reorganised into mixed brigades after October 1936. The Nationalists lacked access to seaports early on, so Salazar's Portugal helped them receive armaments shipments from abroad, including ordnance when certain Nationalist forces virtually ran out of ammunition. His novel L'Espoir and the film version he produced and directed (Espoir: Sierra de Teruel) were a great help for the Republican cause in France. On the left, including labour unions, students and intellectuals, the war represented a necessary battle to stop the spread of fascism. In fact, Azaña had no connection with the rebellion and was released from prison in January 1935. The war began after a pronunciamiento (a declaration of military opposition, of revolt) against the Republican government by a group of generals of the Spanish Republican Armed Forces, with General Emilio Mola as the primary planner and leader and having General José Sanjurjo as a figurehead. definition of Wikipedia. [115] This facilitated the defeat of the army insurrection in the main industrial centres, including Madrid, Barcelona, and Valencia, but it allowed anarchists to take control of Barcelona along with large swathes of Aragón and Catalonia. [368] When Bilbao was conquered, thousands of people were sent to prison. [102][103] The arbitrary use of lethal force by the state and a lack of action against the attackers led to public disapproval of the government. One historical estimate suggests that there were some 87,000 troops loyal to the government and some 77,000 joining the insurgency,[129] though some historians suggest that the Nationalist figure should be revised upwards and that it probably amounted to some 95,000. Workers increasingly demanded less work and more pay. [373] In his 1961 book, Spanish archbishop Antonio Montero Moreno, who at the time was director of the journal Ecclesia, wrote that 6,832 were killed during the war, including 4,184 priests, 2,365 monks and friars, and 283 nuns (many were first raped before they died),[388][389] in addition to 13 bishops, a figure accepted by historians, including Beevor. [101] However, the kidnapping and murder of Sotelo transformed the "limping conspiracy" into a revolt that could trigger a civil war. Questo mi era scappato: l'Ageod ha annunciato un suo gioco (ovviamente con il suo classico motore) sulla guerra civile spagnola del 1936-1939. Germany moved the Army of Africa to mainland Spain in the war's early stages. This is not the road to socialism or communism but to desperate anarchism without even the advantage of liberty". La Guerra Civile Spagnola 255. Even the staunch socialist Indalecio Prieto, at a party rally in Cuenca in May 1936, complained: "we have never seen so tragic a panorama or so great a collapse as in Spain at this moment. L’organizzazione sanitaria italiana divisa tra la Croce Rossa e la Sanità Militare contava su un numero rilevante di strutture. Nonprofit Organization . 3 Answers. Casares did nothing, failing to arrest or buy off Franco. definition of Wikipedia. Legislation prior to February 1936 would be respected. A large number of the executed were done so for their political activities or positions they held under the Republic during the war, though those who committed their own killings under the Republic were also amongst executed as well. In Madrid, the rebels were hemmed into the Cuartel de la Montaña siege, which fell with considerable bloodshed. Identità, vissuto, motivazioni e linguaggi dei volontari italiani nella guerra civile spagnola . N2 - Introduction. [353] Julius Ruiz reports that the Nationalists killed 100,000 people during the war and executed at least 28,000 immediately after. [35] In May, an incident where a taxi driver was attacked outside a monarchist club sparked anti-clerical violence throughout Madrid and south-west Spain. After less than two months of training, the Lincolns went into action in February 1937. The initial government would be an all-military "Directory", which would create a "strong and disciplined state." Amado Granell.jpg 295 × 446; 14 KB. Riots break out at the funeral, (12 June) Prime Minister Casares Quiroga meets General Juan Yagüe, (5 July) Aircraft chartered to take Franco from the Canary Islands to Morocco, (12 July) Assault Guard Lieutenant Jose Castillo is murdered after he violently put down the riots that broke out at the funeral of Guardia Civil lieutenant Anastasio de los Reyes. REVISTA DE ESTUDIOS POLITICOS 177 (2017): 147–179. The first three months of the war were the bloodiest, with 50 to 70 percent of all executions carried out by Franco's regime, from 1936 to 1975, occurring during this period. On 5 March 1939 the Republican army, led by the Colonel Segismundo Casado and the politician Julián Besteiro, rose against the prime minister Juan Negrín and formed the National Defence Council (Consejo Nacional de Defensa or CND) to negotiate a peace deal. Organised purges occurred in territory captured by Franco's forces so they could consolidate their future regime. Class struggle intensified as landowners turned to counterrevolutionary organisations and local oligarchs. Labour arbitration boards were set up to regulate salaries, contracts and working hours; they were more favourable to workers than employers and thus the latter became hostile to them. Unlike Hitler and Mussolini, Stalin tried to do this covertly. [278], The Republican government then launched an all-out campaign to reconnect their territory in the Battle of the Ebro, from 24 July until 26 November, where Franco personally took command. [18][19], The 19th century was a turbulent time for Spain. [188][189] Portugal was instrumental in providing the Nationalists with organizational skills and reassurance from the Iberian neighbour to Franco and his allies that no interference would hinder the supply traffic directed to the Nationalist cause. Translation for 'guerra civile spagnola' in the free Italian-English dictionary and many other English translations. Madrid. The rebels tended to draw from less senior officers. The French authorities had to improvise concentration camps, with such hard conditions that almost half of the exiled Spaniards returned. ti sbagli. [note 9] Instead, they claim that the Republicans failed to translate their resources into military victory largely because of constraints of the international non-intervention agreement; they were forced to spend in excess of market prices and accept goods of lower quality. "one and a half million Spaniards have already been killed in the war". Das Getty Images Design ist eine eingetragene Marke von Getty Images. [294], Hundreds of thousands of Republicans fled abroad, with some 500,000 fleeing to France. [304] However, while in the Nationalist zone the rising stock of money was only marginally above the production growth rate, in the Republican zone it by far exceeded dwindling production figures. La guerra civile spagnola. The totals advanced usually include or exclude various categories. Conversely, if the coup had risen everywhere in Spain on the 18th rather than be delayed, it could have triumphed by the 22nd. highest considered estimate, Tusell, Javier (1998). Job Market Paper, University of Maryland (2014). The government's slow response disillusioned the right and reinforced their view that the Republic was determined to persecute the church. Quatro generales: Emilio Mola, Gozalo de Llano, Josè Enrique Varela e Francisco Franco. The Nationalist forces received munitions, soldiers, and air support from Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, while the Republican side received support from the Soviet Union and Mexico. [370] Landowners who owned the large estates of Southern Spain rode alongside the Army of Africa to reclaim via force of arms the land given to the landless peasants by the Republican government. 1. AU - Pancheri, Maria Luisa. None of the sides resolved to public borrowing and none floated debt on foreign exchange markets. [227] However, Blum made clear that France reserved the right to provide aid should it wish to the Republic: "We could have delivered arms to the Spanish Government [Republicans], a legitimate government... We have not done so, in order not to give an excuse to those who would be tempted to send arms to the rebels [Nationalists]. [407] Anarchists and the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista, POUM) were integrated into the regular army, albeit with resistance. [305] As in the mid-1930s the Spanish GDP was much smaller than the Italian, French or British ones,[306] and as in the Second Republic the annual defence and security budget was usually around $0,13bn (total annual governmental spendings were close to $0.65bn),[note 6] wartime military expenditures put huge strain on the Spanish economy. [83] Manuel Goded Llopis was removed as inspector general and was made general of the Balearic Islands. [335], Demographers take an entirely different approach; instead of adding up deaths from different categories, they try to gauge the difference between the total number of deaths recorded during the war and the total that would result from applying annual death averages from the 1926–1935 period; this difference is considered excess death resulting from the war. Balfour, Sebastian. [109] The plan was discovered in Morocco on 17 July, which prompted the conspirators to enact it immediately. [108], Control over Spanish Morocco was all but certain. Sept. 5, 2020. [113], The rebels failed to take any major cities with the critical exception of Seville, which provided a landing point for Franco's African troops, and the primarily conservative and Catholic areas of Old Castile and León, which fell quickly. Those in favour of reforming Spain's government vied for political power with conservatives, who tried to prevent reforms. "Social crimes" – refusing to pay for goods and rent – became increasingly common by workers, particularly in Madrid. Conservatives, the middle classes, businessmen and landowners became convinced that revolution had already begun. The Spanish Civil War (Spanish: Guerra Civil Española) was a civil war in Spain fought from 1936 to 1939. La Guerra civila spagnola è vegnida manada en Spagna dal fanadur 1936 fin l’avrigl 1939 tranter la regenza elegida a moda democratica da la Segunda Republica spagnola (‹Republicans›) ed ils putschists da dretga sut general Francisco Franco (‹falangists›). La maggioranza si schiera con la repubblica, baluardo di democrazia contro il fascismo. [349], Nationalist atrocities, which authorities frequently ordered so as to eradicate any trace of "leftism" in Spain, were common. "[77], Laia Balcells observes that polarisation in Spain just before the coup was so intense that physical confrontations between leftists and rightists were a routine occurrence in most localities; six days before the coup occurred, there was a riot between the two in the province of Teruel. French novelist André Malraux was a strong supporter of the Republican cause; he tried to organise a volunteer air force (Escadrile Espana) on the Republican side, but as a practical organiser and squadron leader he was somewhat idealistic and inefficient. Despite Stalin's interest in aiding the Republicans, the quality of arms was inconsistent. [235], Many Americans volunteered and arrived in Spain in 1937. Cambridge University Press, 2012, p.110. AT-1014. A decree in July 1931 increased overtime pay and several laws in late 1931 restricted whom landowners could hire. [263], A similar Nationalist offensive, the Battle of Guadalajara, was a more significant defeat for Franco and his armies. Neither side re-engineered the pre-war tax system; differences resulted from dramatic problems with tax collection in the Republican zone and from the course of the war, as more and more population was governed by the Nationalists. Diaz's republican government initiated numerous reforms to, in their view, modernize the country. Other countries remained neutral; this neutrality faced serious opposition from sympathizers in the United States and United Kingdom, and to a lesser extent in other European countries and from Marxists worldwide. "[236], The International Brigade was usually used as shock troops, and as a result they suffered high casualties. [204] About 145 men[205] from Ireland formed the Connolly Column, which was immortalized by Irish folk musician Christy Moore in the song "Viva la Quinta Brigada". [86] The major goal was to put an end to anarchical disorder. The training which German units provided to the Nationalist forces would prove valuable. [150][155] Franco had brought in Spain's colonial Army of Africa (Spanish: Ejército de África or Cuerpo de Ejército Marroquí) and reduced the miners to submission by heavy artillery attacks and bombing raids. Description: N/A. Payne suggests that instead the civil war was the last of the revolutionary crises that emerged from the First World War, observing it had parallels such as the complete revolutionary breakdown of domestic institutions, the development of full-scale revolutionary and counter-revolutionary struggles, the development of a typical post-WW1 communist force in the form of the People's Army, an extreme exacerbation of nationalism, the frequent use of WW1-style military weapons and tactics and the fact that it was not the product of the plan of any of the major powers, making it more similar to the post-WW1 crises which arose after Versailles. [56][57] Some monarchists joined with the then fascist-nationalist Falange Española y de las JONS ("Falange") to help achieve their aims. [14] After the deaths of Sanjurjo, Emilio Mola and Manuel Goded Llopis, Franco emerged as the remaining leader of the Nationalist side. [428][429], After the War, Spanish policy leaned heavily towards Germany, Portugal and Italy, since they had been the greatest Nationalist supporters and aligned with Spain ideologically. Notwithstanding religious matters, Basque nationalists, who were for the most part Catholic, generally sided with the Republicans, although the PNV, Basque nationalist party, was reported passing the plans of Bilbao defences to the Nationalists, in an attempt to reduce the duration and casualties of siege. [25][26] Alejandro Lerroux, Spanish politician and leader of the Radical Republican Party, helped bring republicanism to the fore in Catalonia, where poverty was particularly acute. [369] The numbers killed as the columns of the Army of Africa devastated and pillaged their way between Seville and Madrid are particularly difficult to calculate. [304], Foreign resources amounted to 37% in case of the Nationalists ($0,76bn) and 41% in case of the Republicans ($0,77bn). In his capacity as consul in Paris, Chilean poet and politician Pablo Neruda organised the immigration to Chile of 2,200 Republican exiles in France using the ship SS Winnipeg. [141], This faction was called variously leales "Loyalists" by supporters, "Republicans", the "Popular Front", or "the government" by all parties; and/or los rojos "the Reds" by their opponents. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWieland2002 (. Search. "muertos a causa de la Guerra", includes victims of post-war terror. Cun sustegn e suenter l’intervenziun militara dals alliads faschistics resp. The operation's main objective was not met, though Nationalists gained a modest amount of territory. [409], In the anarchist-controlled areas, Aragon and Catalonia, in addition to the temporary military success, there was a vast social revolution in which the workers and peasants collectivised land and industry and set up councils parallel to the paralyzed Republican government. Due to the widespread publicity given to the Viriatos Legion previously, these Portuguese volunteers were still called "Viriatos". [187] Between 8,000[187] and 12,000[103] would-be legionaries did still volunteer, only now as part of various Nationalist units instead of a unified force. [213], The USSR sent 2,000–3,000 military advisers to Spain; while the Soviet commitment of troops was fewer than 500 men at a time, Soviet volunteers often operated Soviet-made tanks and aircraft, particularly at the beginning of the war. [94] He wrote a cryptic letter to Casares on 23 June, suggesting that the military was disloyal, but could be restrained if he were put in charge.

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